Kev Taw Qhia

Cov vials scintillation ntes cov teeb liab uas tsim los ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom me me radioactive los ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm nws yog raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ionizing radiation nrog cov khoom. Txij li thaum nruab nrab xyoo pua 20th, lawv tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm nuclear physics, kev kho mob thiab kev tshawb fawb ib puag ncig vim lawv qhov kev nkag siab siab thiab kev tshwj xeeb. Ib txwm muaj, lawv tau raug immobilized hauv cov cuab yeej siv hauv chav kuaj mob rau kev tshuaj xyuas zoo thiab ntau ntawm radioisotopes.

Cov vials scintillation thaum ntxov tau txwv los ntawm lawv qhov loj, qhov nyuaj thiab tus nqi siab, thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov chaw kuaj mob tshwj xeeb.Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev tsim cov khoom siv semiconductor me me, kev tshawb pom tshiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv scintillator tshiab, thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm cov nyeem ntawv nqa tau tau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho zoo dua ntawm kev tshawb pom thiab kev yooj yim nqa.

Cov Ntsiab Cai Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Vials Scintillation

1. Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tseem ceeb

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent nrog cov khoom siv radioactiveThaum cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (piv txwv li alpha, beta lossis gamma rays) nkag mus rau hauv cov vials scintillation, nws cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv fluorescent (scintillator) hauv lub vial. Qhov kev cuam tshuam no ua rau muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov molecules lossis atoms hauv cov khoom siv fluorescent thiab tom qab ntawd tso tawm cov photons thaum lub sijhawm de-excitation, tsim cov teeb liab pom kev.

Cov Khoom Siv Nyeem TawmPMT (Photomultiplier Tube) yog ib lub tshuab ntes duab uas muaj zog heev uas muaj peev xwm hloov cov teeb liab tsis muaj zog mus ua cov teeb liab hluav taws xob, uas tom qab ntawd raug nthuav dav los ntawm lub voj voog amplifier kom thaum kawg tso tawm cov teeb liab hluav taws xob uas ntsuas tau. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov duab silicon yog ib hom duab ntes uas siv cov thev naus laus zis semiconductor, uas muaj peev xwm hloov cov teeb liab kho qhov muag mus ua cov teeb liab hluav taws xob nrog kev ua haujlwm siab quantum thiab suab nrov tsawg.

2. Cov cim qhia kev ua tau zoo tseem ceeb

Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov vials scintillation yog ntsuas los ntawm qee qhov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb:

Kev rhiab heev (Txwv ntawm kev kuaj pom): Kev rhiab heev yog qhov kev ua haujlwm qis tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem ntes tau los ntawm cov vials scintillation. Qhov rhiab heev dua, qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom siv radioactive uas tuaj yeem ntes tau hauv Tebchaws Europe qis dua. Kev rhiab heev raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub teeb ci ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent, qhov ua haujlwm ntawm quantum ntawm lub photodetector thiab qib suab nrov ntawm lub kaw lus.

Kev daws teeb meem zogKev daws teeb meem zog yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov vials scintillation kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm cov zog sib txawv. Qhov kev daws teeb meem siab dua, qhov tseeb dua cov khoom me me ntawm cov zog sib txawv tuaj yeem lees paub thiab sib txawv. Kev daws teeb meem zog feem ntau nyob ntawm cov khoom siv luminescent ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub photodetector, thiab qhov zoo ntawm lub voj voog ua haujlwm teeb liab.

Kev Ruaj NtsegKev ruaj khov yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov vials scintillation kom tswj tau qhov kev ua haujlwm tas mus li rau lub sijhawm ntev. Cov vials scintillation ruaj khov muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov tshwm sim tas mus li nyob rau hauv ntau yam xwm txheej ib puag ncig. Kev ruaj khov yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ruaj khov tshuaj ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent, cov yam ntxwv laus ntawm lub photodetector, thiab cov yam ntxwv ib puag ncig (piv txwv li, kub, av noo).

Kev Sib Piv ntawm Cov Khoom SivCov fwj tshuaj scintillation yuav tsum sib xws nrog ntau hom qauv kuaj, suav nrog cov kua, khoom khov thiab roj. Kev sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv nyob ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov fwj tshuaj scintillation (piv txwv li iav lossis yas) nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent. Cov hom qauv sib txawv yuav xav tau cov qauv tsim fwj tshuaj scintillation thiab cov khoom siv xaiv sib txawv.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov vials scintillation yog raws li kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv fluorescent nrog cov tshuaj radioactive, uas yog ntsuas los ntawm kev hloov cov teeb liab optical mus rau hauv cov teeb liab hluav taws xob los ntawm lub raj photomultiplier Shanghai silicon photodetectors. Cov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo tseem ceeb suav nrog kev rhiab heev, kev daws teeb meem zog, kev ruaj khov thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom siv, uas ua ke txiav txim siab qhov muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau thiab kev siv tau ntawm cov vials scintillation.

Cov Ntawv Thov Ntau Yam Los Ntawm Chaw Kuaj Mob Mus Rau Kev Saib Xyuas Ib puag ncig

Cov vials scintillation, ua ib lub cuab yeej zoo heev rau kev nrhiav radioactivity, tau siv dav hauv ntau qhov chaw, txij li kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj mus rau kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig, mus rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev nyab xeeb, thiab txawm tias nthuav dav mus rau thaj chaw tshiab.

1. Kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj mob yooj yim

Kev tshuaj xyuas nuclideSiv rau kev txiav txim siab ntau ntawm alpha, beta thiab gamma ray isotopes xws li tritium (H-3) thiab carbon-14 (C-14). Siv los ntsuas qhov ua haujlwm ntawm radioisotopes hauv cov teb xws li nuclear physics thiab geological dating.

Kev tshawb fawb txog kev hloov pauv tshuaj: Taug qab cov txheej txheem metabolic thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov kab mob los ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj cim qhia txog kev hloov pauv (piv txwv li, cov tshuaj C-14). Siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog tshuaj thiab kev lom tshuaj los ntsuas qhov kev nqus, kev faib tawm, kev hloov pauv thiab kev tso tawm (ADME) ntawm cov tshuaj.

Kev ntsuam xyuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm zaub mov: kev tshuaj ntsuam sai rau cov pa phem radioactive hauv cov zaub mov; siv los xyuas kom meej tias cov zaub mov muaj kev nyab xeeb tom qab muaj xwm txheej nuclear lossis hauv thaj chaw muaj hluav taws xob ntau.

2. Thaj chaw saib xyuas ib puag ncig

Kev soj ntsuam cov dej ntwsKev kuaj pom cov radionuclides hauv dej haus thiab cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam yog siv los ntsuas qib kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov dej thiab kom ntseeg tau tias cov dej zoo ua tau raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb.

Av thiab huab cuaKev taug qab qhov kev kis ntawm cov khoom tawg uas muaj zog radioactive tom qab muaj xwm txheej nuclear, kev saib xyuas cov radionuclide ntau hauv av thiab huab cua, thiab kev soj ntsuam kev rov zoo ntawm ib puag ncig.

Cov qauv tshuaj lom neegTshuaj xyuas qhov sib sau ua ke ntawm cov hlau hnyav lossis cov tshuaj radioactive hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb txog ecotoxicology los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev ua qias tuaj ntawm radioactive rau cov ecosystems.

3. Kev siv rau kev lag luam thiab kev nyab xeeb

Kev sim tsis puas tsuaj: kev soj ntsuam qhov xau ntawm cov khoom siv radioactive hauv cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam. Siv rau hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear, petrochemicals, thiab lwm yam, rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv.

Kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob: siv ua tus khub nrog cov ntsuas hluav taws xob tus kheej los saib xyuas cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob uas cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais. Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear, cov chaw kho mob radiology thiab lwm qhov chaw kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm hluav taws xob.

Kev Pab Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev: rau kev ntsuas sai ntawm cov theem hluav taws xob thaum muaj xwm txheej nuclear lossis cov khoom siv radioactive xau. Siv rau kev saib xyuas hluav taws xob thiab kev txhawb nqa kev txiav txim siab thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev ntawm cov chaw muaj kev puas tsuaj.

4. Cov cheeb tsam hla kev tshwm sim tshiab

Kev kho mob biomedicalKev siv daim ntawv lo rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav kom paub tseeb tias cov tshuaj raug tsom mus rau qhov ua tau zoo thiab ua tau zoo. Hauv kev kho mob radioisotope, taug qab kev faib tshuaj thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj.

Cov khoom siv nano: los kawm txog kev sib koom tes ntawm cov nanoparticles hauv kev tshawb nrhiav radioactivity los txhim kho kev rhiab heev thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav. Tsim cov ntaub ntawv nano-scintillator tshiab rau kev tshawb nrhiav radioactivity siab.

Kev tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw: rau kev ntes cov teeb ci cosmic thiab kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig ntawm lub hnub qub thiab cov neeg caij nkoj. Soj ntsuam kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob hauv lub hnub qub kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov haujlwm hauv qhov chaw.

Cov vials scintillation siv tau ntau yam, xws li kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj mob mus rau kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig, kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov cheeb tsam tshiab. Lawv qhov kev rhiab heev, kev raug, thiab kev sib haum xeeb ua rau lawv yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev kuaj pom radioactivity, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev nyab xeeb hauv kev lag luam, thiab kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis tshiab.

Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab ntawm Kev Siv Tshuab Ua Rau Muaj Ntau Yam Kev Ua Haujlwm

Cov vials scintillation ntau yam tsis tuaj yeem npaj thiab tsim kho yam tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv, kev txhim kho ntse thiab kev ua kom raug cai thiab kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam.

1. Kev tshawb pom tshiab txog kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv

Cov ntaub ntawv scintillator tshiab: thallium-doped cesium iodide, lutetium-based scintillators, organic scintillators, nano-scintillators, thiab lwm yam, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov rhiab heev, txo qis qhov kev txwv ntawm kev tshawb pom, txo kev siv zog, txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv, txhim kho kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab hloov kho rau cov chaw nyuaj (piv txwv li, kub siab, av noo siab).

2. Kev txhim kho ntse

Cov algorithms txawj ntse los pab txhawb kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv: cov txheej txheem kev kawm tshuab siv los txheeb xyuas cov hom nuclide, txhim kho qhov tseeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Txhim kho cov txheej txheem teeb liab los ntawm cov qauv kev kawm tob kom txo qhov cuam tshuam suab nrov, txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb pom, thiab ua tiav kev tshuaj xyuas sai thiab kev ntsuas ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw ntau-nuclide.

Platform huab thiab IoT thev naus laus zis: tsim kom muaj lub platform sib qhia cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag los ua kom muaj lub network saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thoob ntiaj teb. Txhawb kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig loj thiab kev teb rau xwm txheej ceev los ntawm kev saib xyuas deb thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muab cov cuab yeej pom cov ntaub ntawv los pab cov neeg txiav txim siab nkag siab sai sai txog kev faib tawm ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab cov qauv.

(Cov Zoo: Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab txo kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg; paub txog kev saib xyuas deb thiab kev ceeb toom thaum ntxov, thiab txhim kho kev muaj peev xwm teb rau xwm txheej ceev; txhawb kev koom tes thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev sib qhia cov ntaub ntawv, thiab txhawb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis.)

Kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm thev naus laus zis yog lub zog tseem ceeb tom qab kev siv ntau yam ntawm cov vials scintillation. Kev tshawb pom tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv scintillator tshiab tau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav; kev txhim kho ntse tau ua rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm tau zoo dua thiab raug dua. Cov kev tsim kho tshiab no tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav dav cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv cov vials scintillation, tab sis kuj txhawb nqa kev txhim kho tag nrho ntawm kev siv tshuab nrhiav radioactivity, muab kev txhawb nqa zoo rau kev tshawb fawb, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm nuclear.

Cov Teeb Meem thiab Cov Kev Daws Teeb Meem

Cov vials scintillation ntsib ntau yam teeb meem hauv kev siv dav dav, suav nrog cov teeb meem ntawm tus nqi, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab kev kho cov qauv ua ntej. Txhawm rau teb rau cov teeb meem no, kev lag luam tau tawm tswv yim ntau yam kev daws teeb meem los tsav kev txhim kho ntxiv thiab kev nrov ntawm cov thev naus laus zis.

1. Cov teeb meem uas twb muaj lawm

Cov nqi siabt: Cov nqi R&D siab rau cov khoom siv me me thiab cov khoom siv ua haujlwm siab txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib kis loj. Cov khoom siv kuaj mob rhiab heev kim heev thiab nyuaj rau dav dav rau cov chaw muaj peev txheej tsawg lossis cov chaw kuaj me thiab nruab nrab.

Kev ua haujlwm nyuajFeem ntau cov khoom siv kuaj mob hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau cov neeg ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb los ua haujlwm thiab tswj xyuas, ua rau muaj kev txwv rau kev siv ntau dua. Cov txheej txheem kev tuav cov qauv thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj ua rau muaj kev xav tau kev txawj ntse siab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tsis yog kws tshwj xeeb.

Cov kev txwv ua ntej kev kho mob ntawm cov qauvQee cov qauv kuaj (piv txwv li, av, cov nqaij mos uas muaj sia) yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo thiab nyuaj ua ntej kuaj (piv txwv li, yaj, lim, ua kom sib xyaw), uas ua rau lub sijhawm kuaj thiab tus nqi ntau dua. Cov kauj ruam ua ntej kuaj yuav ua rau muaj qhov yuam kev uas cuam tshuam rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig kuaj.

2. Cov tswv yim teb

Kev ua kom me me thiab kev tsim cov sensor pheej yigKev tsim cov khoom siv kuaj me me, nqa tau los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis sib xyaw ua ke los txo cov nqi tsim khoom thiab kev siv hluav taws xob. Tshawb nrhiav cov khoom siv scintillator pheej yig tshiab thiab cov photodetectors los hloov cov khoom kim heev ib txwm muaj. Tsim cov khoom siv kuaj rau hauv cov qauv modular los pab txhawb kev saib xyuas thiab kev txhim kho, thiab txo cov nqi siv mus sij hawm ntev.

Kev tsim qauv interface uas yooj yim rau siv thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub ntawm cov txheej txheemTsim cov neeg siv interfaces uas yooj yim to taub uas muab cov lus qhia ua haujlwm thiab cov lus tawm tswv yim tiag tiag kom txo qhov yooj yim ntawm kev siv. Kev koom ua ke ntawm kev ua cov qauv kuaj thiab cov haujlwm tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv txo qhov kev cuam tshuam tes thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sim. Siv cov thev naus laus zis txawj ntse los muab cov lus qhia ua haujlwm thiab kev daws teeb meem los pab cov neeg tsis yog kws tshaj lij pib sai.

Kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov thev naus laus zis ua ntej ua tiav: kev tsim cov kev ntsuam xyuas uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua ntej ua tiav (piv txwv li, ntsuas ncaj qha ntawm cov qauv khov lossis cov pa roj), ua kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm. Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov kauj ruam ua ntej kho cov qauv rau hauv cov khoom siv kuaj pom rau kev kuaj pom sib xyaw. Tsim cov txheej txheem kho cov qauv zoo (piv txwv li kev zom zaub mov microwave, kev rho tawm ultrasonic) kom luv lub sijhawm ua ntej kho.

Txawm hais tias cov vials scintillation ntsib teeb meem hauv kev siv xws li tus nqi, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab kev kho cov qauv ua ntej, cov teeb meem no tau raug daws teeb meem los ntawm kev ua kom me me thiab kev tsim cov sensor pheej yig, cov qauv tsim uas yooj yim siv, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov thev naus laus zis ua ntej kho. Cov tswv yim daws teeb meem no tsis yog tsuas yog txo qis qhov kev siv tshuab xwb, tab sis kuj txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev raug ntawm kev kuaj pom. Yav tom ntej, nrog rau kev tshawb pom ntxiv hauv thev naus laus zis, cov vials scintillation yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw zoo.

Yav Tom Ntej Kev Xav Tau

Cov vials scintillation, ua ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev kuaj pom radioactivity, yuav coj mus rau hauv cov cib fim tshiab hauv kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev siv peev xwm yav tom ntej.

1. Cov qauv thev naus laus zis

Kev tshawb nrhiav ntau homTsim cov khoom siv uas sib koom ua ke cov tshuaj sensors thiab radioactivity functions kom ua tiav tib lub sijhawm nrhiav tau cov tshuaj thiab radionuclides hauv cov qauv. Nthuav dav ntau yam kev siv los ntawm kev siv tshuab multimodal nrhiav tau rau kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig, kev nyab xeeb zaub mov thiab kev siv biomedical.

2. Muaj peev xwm thov tau

Kev soj ntsuam dej khov polar hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua thoob ntiaj teb: kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua rau kev yaj ntawm cov dej khov thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm cov pa phem los ntawm kev ntes cov radionuclides hauv cov dej khov polar. Siv cov ntaub ntawv ntes radionuclide, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua thoob ntiaj teb rau cov ecosystem polar yuav raug soj ntsuam, muab lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb rau cov cai tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.

Kev txhawb nqa kev lag luam ncig hauv kev txhim kho lub zog nuclear kom ruaj khovKev tsim cov thev naus laus zis nrhiav tau qhov rhiab heev rau kev ntsuas thiab tswj cov radionuclides hauv cov khib nyiab nuclear kom txhawb nqa kev siv cov khib nyiab nuclear dua tshiab. Kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm kev faib tawm thiab kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj radioactive thaum lub sijhawm roj nuclear ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob nuclear.

Yav tom ntej, cov vials scintillation yuav txhim kho lawv cov peev xwm nrhiav tau thiab qhov dav ntawm daim ntawv thov, tsav los ntawm cov qauv thev naus laus zis xws li kev nrhiav tau ntau hom. Lub caij no, hais txog cov peev xwm siv xws li kev saib xyuas polar glacier thiab kev txhim kho lub zog nuclear ruaj khov, cov vials scintillation yuav muab kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev hloov pauv huab cua thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lag luam ncig ntawm lub zog nuclear. Nrog rau kev nce qib tas mus li ntawm thev naus laus zis, cov vials scintillation yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw thiab ua rau muaj kev pab ntau dua rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.

Xaus lus

Cov vials scintillation, ua ib qho cuab yeej kuaj mob radiographic tseem ceeb, tau maj mam hloov zuj zus los ntawm nws qhov pib ua ib qho cuab yeej kuaj mob mus rau ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw.

Kev tsim cov tshuaj scintillation vials qhia txog lub zog ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev koom tes ntawm ntau yam kev kawm, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm ib lub cuab yeej hauv chav kuaj mus rau ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw qhia txog nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv ua haujlwm. Yav tom ntej, nrog rau kev tshawb pom tshiab ntawm cov thev naus laus zis thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm cov xwm txheej siv, cov tshuaj scintillation vials yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua hauv kev nyab xeeb nuclear thoob ntiaj teb, kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig thiab kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.